Type Alias arc_swap::ArcSwapOption

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pub type ArcSwapOption<T> = ArcSwapAny<Option<Arc<T>>>;

Expand description

An atomic storage for Option<Arc>.

This is very similar to ArcSwap, but allows storing NULL values, which is useful in some situations.

This is a type alias only. Most of the methods are described on ArcSwapAny. Even though the examples there often use ArcSwap, they are applicable to ArcSwapOption with appropriate changes.

Examples

use std::sync::Arc;
use arc_swap::ArcSwapOption;

let shared = ArcSwapOption::from(None);
assert!(shared.load_full().is_none());
assert!(shared.swap(Some(Arc::new(42))).is_none());
assert_eq!(42, **shared.load_full().as_ref().unwrap());

Aliased Type§

struct ArcSwapOption<T> { /* private fields */ }

Implementations§

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Just like empty, this creates an None-holding ArcSwapOption. The empty is, however, more general ‒ this is available only for the default strategy, while empty is for any Default-constructible strategy (current or future one).

Examples

static GLOBAL_DATA: ArcSwapOption<usize> = ArcSwapOption::const_empty();

assert!(GLOBAL_DATA.load().is_none());
GLOBAL_DATA.store(Some(Arc::new(42)));
assert_eq!(42, **GLOBAL_DATA.load().as_ref().unwrap());

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impl<T: RefCnt, S: Strategy<T>> ArcSwapAny<T, S>

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pub fn new(val: T) -> Selfwhere S: Default,

Constructs a new storage.

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pub fn with_strategy(val: T, strategy: S) -> Self

Constructs a new storage while customizing the protection strategy.

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pub fn into_inner(self) -> T

Extracts the value inside.

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pub fn load_full(&self) -> T

Loads the value.

This makes another copy of the held pointer and returns it, atomically (it is safe even when other thread stores into the same instance at the same time).

The method is lock-free and wait-free, but usually more expensive than load.

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pub fn load(&self) -> Guard<T, S>

Provides a temporary borrow of the object inside.

This returns a proxy object allowing access to the thing held inside. However, there’s only limited amount of possible cheap proxies in existence for each thread ‒ if more are created, it falls back to equivalent of load_full internally.

This is therefore a good choice to use for eg. searching a data structure or juggling the pointers around a bit, but not as something to store in larger amounts. The rule of thumb is this is suited for local variables on stack, but not in long-living data structures.

Consistency

In case multiple related operations are to be done on the loaded value, it is generally recommended to call load just once and keep the result over calling it multiple times. First, keeping it is usually faster. But more importantly, the value can change between the calls to load, returning different objects, which could lead to logical inconsistency. Keeping the result makes sure the same object is used.

struct Point {
    x: usize,
    y: usize,
}

fn print_broken(p: &ArcSwap<Point>) {
    // This is broken, because the x and y may come from different points,
    // combining into an invalid point that never existed.
    println!("X: {}", p.load().x);
    // If someone changes the content now, between these two loads, we
    // have a problem
    println!("Y: {}", p.load().y);
}

fn print_correct(p: &ArcSwap<Point>) {
    // Here we take a snapshot of one specific point so both x and y come
    // from the same one.
    let point = p.load();
    println!("X: {}", point.x);
    println!("Y: {}", point.y);
}

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pub fn store(&self, val: T)

Replaces the value inside this instance.

Further loads will yield the new value. Uses swap internally.

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pub fn swap(&self, new: T) -> T

Exchanges the value inside this instance.

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pub fn compare_and_swap<C>(&self, current: C, new: T) -> Guard<T, S>where C: AsRaw<T::Base>, S: CaS<T>,

Swaps the stored Arc if it equals to current.

If the current value of the ArcSwapAny equals to current, the new is stored inside. If not, nothing happens.

The previous value (no matter if the swap happened or not) is returned. Therefore, if the returned value is equal to current, the swap happened. You want to do a pointer-based comparison to determine it.

In other words, if the caller „guesses“ the value of current correctly, it acts like swap, otherwise it acts like load_full (including the limitations).

The current can be specified as &Arc, Guard, &Guards or as a raw pointer (but not owned Arc). See the AsRaw trait.

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pub fn rcu<R, F>(&self, f: F) -> Twhere F: FnMut(&T) -> R, R: Into<T>, S: CaS<T>,

Read-Copy-Update of the pointer inside.

This is useful in read-heavy situations with several threads that sometimes update the data pointed to. The readers can just repeatedly use load without any locking. The writer uses this method to perform the update.

In case there’s only one thread that does updates or in case the next version is independent of the previous one, simple swap or store is enough. Otherwise, it may be needed to retry the update operation if some other thread made an update in between. This is what this method does.

Examples

This will not work as expected, because between loading and storing, some other thread might have updated the value.

let cnt = ArcSwap::from_pointee(0);
thread::scope(|scope| {
    for _ in 0..10 {
        scope.spawn(|_| {
           let inner = cnt.load_full();
            // Another thread might have stored some other number than what we have
            // between the load and store.
            cnt.store(Arc::new(*inner + 1));
        });
    }
}).unwrap();
// This will likely fail:
// assert_eq!(10, *cnt.load_full());

This will, but it can call the closure multiple times to retry:

let cnt = ArcSwap::from_pointee(0);
thread::scope(|scope| {
    for _ in 0..10 {
        scope.spawn(|_| cnt.rcu(|inner| **inner + 1));
    }
}).unwrap();
assert_eq!(10, *cnt.load_full());

Due to the retries, you might want to perform all the expensive operations before the rcu. As an example, if there’s a cache of some computations as a map, and the map is cheap to clone but the computations are not, you could do something like this:

fn expensive_computation(x: usize) -> usize {
    x * 2 // Let's pretend multiplication is *really expensive expensive*
}

type Cache = HashMap<usize, usize>;

static CACHE: Lazy<ArcSwap<Cache>> = Lazy::new(|| ArcSwap::default());

fn cached_computation(x: usize) -> usize {
    let cache = CACHE.load();
    if let Some(result) = cache.get(&x) {
        return *result;
    }
    // Not in cache. Compute and store.
    // The expensive computation goes outside, so it is not retried.
    let result = expensive_computation(x);
    CACHE.rcu(|cache| {
        // The cheaper clone of the cache can be retried if need be.
        let mut cache = HashMap::clone(&cache);
        cache.insert(x, result);
        cache
    });
    result
}

assert_eq!(42, cached_computation(21));
assert_eq!(42, cached_computation(21));

The cost of cloning

Depending on the size of cache above, the cloning might not be as cheap. You can however use persistent data structures ‒ each modification creates a new data structure, but it shares most of the data with the old one (which is usually accomplished by using Arcs inside to share the unchanged values). Something like rpds or im might do what you need.

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pub fn map<I, R, F>(&self, f: F) -> Map<&Self, I, F>where F: Fn(&I) -> &R + Clone, Self: Access<I>,

Provides an access to an up to date projection of the carried data.

use std::sync::Arc;

use arc_swap::ArcSwap;
use arc_swap::access::Access;

struct Cfg {
    value: usize,
}

fn print_many_times<V: Access<usize>>(value: V) {
    for _ in 0..25 {
        let value = value.load();
        println!("{}", *value);
    }
}

let shared = ArcSwap::from_pointee(Cfg { value: 0 });
let mapped = shared.map(|c: &Cfg| &c.value);
crossbeam_utils::thread::scope(|s| {
    // Will print some zeroes and some twos
    s.spawn(|_| print_many_times(mapped));
    s.spawn(|_| shared.store(Arc::new(Cfg { value: 2 })));
}).expect("Something panicked in a thread");

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impl<T, S: Strategy<Option<Arc<T>>>> ArcSwapAny<Option<Arc<T>>, S>

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pub fn from_pointee<V: Into<Option<T>>>(val: V) -> Selfwhere S: Default,

A convenience constructor directly from a pointed-to value.

This just allocates the Arc under the hood.

Examples

use arc_swap::ArcSwapOption;

let empty: ArcSwapOption<usize> = ArcSwapOption::from_pointee(None);
assert!(empty.load().is_none());
let non_empty: ArcSwapOption<usize> = ArcSwapOption::from_pointee(42);
assert_eq!(42, **non_empty.load().as_ref().unwrap());

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