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// Copyright 2016 Brian Smith.
//
// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
// purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
// copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHORS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES
// WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
// SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
// WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
// CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
//! Functionality shared by operations on private keys (ECC keygen and
//! ECDSA signing).
use super::{ops::*, verify_affine_point_is_on_the_curve};
use crate::{
arithmetic::montgomery::R,
ec, error,
limb::{self, LIMB_BYTES},
rand,
};
/// Generates a random scalar in the range [1, n).
pub fn random_scalar(
ops: &PrivateKeyOps,
rng: &dyn rand::SecureRandom,
) -> Result<Scalar, error::Unspecified> {
let num_limbs = ops.common.num_limbs;
let mut bytes = [0; ec::SCALAR_MAX_BYTES];
let bytes = &mut bytes[..(num_limbs * LIMB_BYTES)];
generate_private_scalar_bytes(ops, rng, bytes)?;
scalar_from_big_endian_bytes(ops, bytes)
}
pub fn generate_private_scalar_bytes(
ops: &PrivateKeyOps,
rng: &dyn rand::SecureRandom,
out: &mut [u8],
) -> Result<(), error::Unspecified> {
// [NSA Suite B Implementer's Guide to ECDSA] Appendix A.1.2, and
// [NSA Suite B Implementer's Guide to NIST SP 800-56A] Appendix B.2,
// "Key Pair Generation by Testing Candidates".
//
// [NSA Suite B Implementer's Guide to ECDSA]: doc/ecdsa.pdf.
// [NSA Suite B Implementer's Guide to NIST SP 800-56A]: doc/ecdh.pdf.
// TODO: The NSA guide also suggests, in appendix B.1, another mechanism
// that would avoid the need to use `rng.fill()` more than once. It works
// by generating an extra 64 bits of random bytes and then reducing the
// output (mod n). Supposedly, this removes enough of the bias towards
// small values from the modular reduction, but it isn't obvious that it is
// sufficient. TODO: Figure out what we can do to mitigate the bias issue
// and switch to the other mechanism.
let candidate = out;
// XXX: The value 100 was chosen to match OpenSSL due to uncertainty of
// what specific value would be better, but it seems bad to try 100 times.
for _ in 0..100 {
// NSA Guide Steps 1, 2, and 3.
//
// Since we calculate the length ourselves, it is pointless to check
// it, since we can only check it by doing the same calculation.
// NSA Guide Step 4.
//
// The requirement that the random number generator has the
// requested security strength is delegated to `rng`.
rng.fill(candidate)?;
// NSA Guide Steps 5, 6, and 7.
if check_scalar_big_endian_bytes(ops, candidate).is_err() {
continue;
}
// NSA Guide Step 8 is done in `public_from_private()`.
// NSA Guide Step 9.
return Ok(());
}
Err(error::Unspecified)
}
// The underlying X25519 and Ed25519 code uses an [u8; 32] to store the private
// key. To make the ECDH and ECDSA code similar to that, we also store the
// private key that way, which means we have to convert it to a Scalar whenever
// we need to use it.
#[inline]
pub fn private_key_as_scalar(ops: &PrivateKeyOps, private_key: &ec::Seed) -> Scalar {
// This cannot fail because we know the private key is valid.
scalar_from_big_endian_bytes(ops, private_key.bytes_less_safe()).unwrap()
}
pub fn check_scalar_big_endian_bytes(
ops: &PrivateKeyOps,
bytes: &[u8],
) -> Result<(), error::Unspecified> {
debug_assert_eq!(bytes.len(), ops.common.num_limbs * LIMB_BYTES);
scalar_from_big_endian_bytes(ops, bytes).map(|_| ())
}
// Parses a fixed-length (zero-padded) big-endian-encoded scalar in the range
// [1, n). This is constant-time with respect to the actual value *only if* the
// value is actually in range. In other words, this won't leak anything about a
// valid value, but it might leak small amounts of information about an invalid
// value (which constraint it failed).
pub fn scalar_from_big_endian_bytes(
ops: &PrivateKeyOps,
bytes: &[u8],
) -> Result<Scalar, error::Unspecified> {
// [NSA Suite B Implementer's Guide to ECDSA] Appendix A.1.2, and
// [NSA Suite B Implementer's Guide to NIST SP 800-56A] Appendix B.2,
// "Key Pair Generation by Testing Candidates".
//
// [NSA Suite B Implementer's Guide to ECDSA]: doc/ecdsa.pdf.
// [NSA Suite B Implementer's Guide to NIST SP 800-56A]: doc/ecdh.pdf.
//
// Steps 5, 6, and 7.
//
// XXX: The NSA guide says that we should verify that the random scalar is
// in the range [0, n - 1) and then add one to it so that it is in the range
// [1, n). Instead, we verify that the scalar is in the range [1, n). This
// way, we avoid needing to compute or store the value (n - 1), we avoid the
// need to implement a function to add one to a scalar, and we avoid needing
// to convert the scalar back into an array of bytes.
scalar_parse_big_endian_fixed_consttime(ops.common, untrusted::Input::from(bytes))
}
pub fn public_from_private(
ops: &PrivateKeyOps,
public_out: &mut [u8],
my_private_key: &ec::Seed,
) -> Result<(), error::Unspecified> {
let elem_and_scalar_bytes = ops.common.num_limbs * LIMB_BYTES;
debug_assert_eq!(public_out.len(), 1 + (2 * elem_and_scalar_bytes));
let my_private_key = private_key_as_scalar(ops, my_private_key);
let my_public_key = ops.point_mul_base(&my_private_key);
public_out[0] = 4; // Uncompressed encoding.
let (x_out, y_out) = (&mut public_out[1..]).split_at_mut(elem_and_scalar_bytes);
// `big_endian_affine_from_jacobian` verifies that the point is not at
// infinity and is on the curve.
big_endian_affine_from_jacobian(ops, Some(x_out), Some(y_out), &my_public_key)
}
pub fn affine_from_jacobian(
ops: &PrivateKeyOps,
p: &Point,
) -> Result<(Elem<R>, Elem<R>), error::Unspecified> {
let z = ops.common.point_z(p);
// Since we restrict our private key to the range [1, n), the curve has
// prime order, and we verify that the peer's point is on the curve,
// there's no way that the result can be at infinity. But, use `assert!`
// instead of `debug_assert!` anyway
assert!(ops.common.elem_verify_is_not_zero(&z).is_ok());
let x = ops.common.point_x(p);
let y = ops.common.point_y(p);
let zz_inv = ops.elem_inverse_squared(&z);
let x_aff = ops.common.elem_product(&x, &zz_inv);
// `y_aff` is needed to validate the point is on the curve. It is also
// needed in the non-ECDH case where we need to output it.
let y_aff = {
let zzzz_inv = ops.common.elem_squared(&zz_inv);
let zzz_inv = ops.common.elem_product(&z, &zzzz_inv);
ops.common.elem_product(&y, &zzz_inv)
};
// If we validated our inputs correctly and then computed (x, y, z), then
// (x, y, z) will be on the curve. See
// `verify_affine_point_is_on_the_curve_scaled` for the motivation.
verify_affine_point_is_on_the_curve(ops.common, (&x_aff, &y_aff))?;
Ok((x_aff, y_aff))
}
pub fn big_endian_affine_from_jacobian(
ops: &PrivateKeyOps,
x_out: Option<&mut [u8]>,
y_out: Option<&mut [u8]>,
p: &Point,
) -> Result<(), error::Unspecified> {
let (x_aff, y_aff) = affine_from_jacobian(ops, p)?;
let num_limbs = ops.common.num_limbs;
if let Some(x_out) = x_out {
let x = ops.common.elem_unencoded(&x_aff);
limb::big_endian_from_limbs(&x.limbs[..num_limbs], x_out);
}
if let Some(y_out) = y_out {
let y = ops.common.elem_unencoded(&y_aff);
limb::big_endian_from_limbs(&y.limbs[..num_limbs], y_out);
}
Ok(())
}