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//! TLS configuration and types
//!
//! A `Client` will use transport layer security (TLS) by default to connect to
//! HTTPS destinations.
//!
//! # Backends
//!
//! reqwest supports several TLS backends, enabled with Cargo features.
//!
//! ## default-tls
//!
//! reqwest will pick a TLS backend by default. This is true when the
//! `default-tls` feature is enabled.
//!
//! While it currently uses `native-tls`, the feature set is designed to only
//! enable configuration that is shared among available backends. This allows
//! reqwest to change the default to `rustls` (or another) at some point in the
//! future.
//!
//! <div class="warning">This feature is enabled by default, and takes
//! precedence if any other crate enables it. This is true even if you declare
//! `features = []`. You must set `default-features = false` instead.</div>
//!
//! Since Cargo features are additive, other crates in your dependency tree can
//! cause the default backend to be enabled. If you wish to ensure your
//! `Client` uses a specific backend, call the appropriate builder methods
//! (such as [`use_rustls_tls()`][]).
//!
//! [`use_rustls_tls()`]: crate::ClientBuilder::use_rustls_tls()
//!
//! ## native-tls
//!
//! This backend uses the [native-tls][] crate. That will try to use the system
//! TLS on Windows and Mac, and OpenSSL on Linux targets.
//!
//! Enabling the feature explicitly allows for `native-tls`-specific
//! configuration options.
//!
//! [native-tls]: https://crates.io/crates/native-tls
//!
//! ## rustls-tls
//!
//! This backend uses the [rustls][] crate, a TLS library written in Rust.
//!
//! [rustls]: https://crates.io/crates/rustls
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
use rustls::{
client::HandshakeSignatureValid, client::ServerCertVerified, client::ServerCertVerifier,
DigitallySignedStruct, Error as TLSError, ServerName,
};
use std::{
fmt,
io::{BufRead, BufReader},
};
/// Represents a server X509 certificate.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Certificate {
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls-crate")]
native: native_tls_crate::Certificate,
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
original: Cert,
}
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
#[derive(Clone)]
enum Cert {
Der(Vec<u8>),
Pem(Vec<u8>),
}
/// Represents a private key and X509 cert as a client certificate.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Identity {
#[cfg_attr(not(any(feature = "native-tls", feature = "__rustls")), allow(unused))]
inner: ClientCert,
}
#[derive(Clone)]
enum ClientCert {
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls")]
Pkcs12(native_tls_crate::Identity),
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls")]
Pkcs8(native_tls_crate::Identity),
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
Pem {
key: rustls::PrivateKey,
certs: Vec<rustls::Certificate>,
},
}
impl Certificate {
/// Create a `Certificate` from a binary DER encoded certificate
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # use std::fs::File;
/// # use std::io::Read;
/// # fn cert() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
/// let mut buf = Vec::new();
/// File::open("my_cert.der")?
/// .read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
/// let cert = reqwest::Certificate::from_der(&buf)?;
/// # drop(cert);
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
pub fn from_der(der: &[u8]) -> crate::Result<Certificate> {
Ok(Certificate {
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls-crate")]
native: native_tls_crate::Certificate::from_der(der).map_err(crate::error::builder)?,
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
original: Cert::Der(der.to_owned()),
})
}
/// Create a `Certificate` from a PEM encoded certificate
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # use std::fs::File;
/// # use std::io::Read;
/// # fn cert() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
/// let mut buf = Vec::new();
/// File::open("my_cert.pem")?
/// .read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
/// let cert = reqwest::Certificate::from_pem(&buf)?;
/// # drop(cert);
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
pub fn from_pem(pem: &[u8]) -> crate::Result<Certificate> {
Ok(Certificate {
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls-crate")]
native: native_tls_crate::Certificate::from_pem(pem).map_err(crate::error::builder)?,
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
original: Cert::Pem(pem.to_owned()),
})
}
/// Create a collection of `Certificate`s from a PEM encoded certificate bundle.
/// Example byte sources may be `.crt`, `.cer` or `.pem` files.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # use std::fs::File;
/// # use std::io::Read;
/// # fn cert() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
/// let mut buf = Vec::new();
/// File::open("ca-bundle.crt")?
/// .read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
/// let certs = reqwest::Certificate::from_pem_bundle(&buf)?;
/// # drop(certs);
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
pub fn from_pem_bundle(pem_bundle: &[u8]) -> crate::Result<Vec<Certificate>> {
let mut reader = BufReader::new(pem_bundle);
Self::read_pem_certs(&mut reader)?
.iter()
.map(|cert_vec| Certificate::from_der(&cert_vec))
.collect::<crate::Result<Vec<Certificate>>>()
}
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls-crate")]
pub(crate) fn add_to_native_tls(self, tls: &mut native_tls_crate::TlsConnectorBuilder) {
tls.add_root_certificate(self.native);
}
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
pub(crate) fn add_to_rustls(
self,
root_cert_store: &mut rustls::RootCertStore,
) -> crate::Result<()> {
use std::io::Cursor;
match self.original {
Cert::Der(buf) => root_cert_store
.add(&rustls::Certificate(buf))
.map_err(crate::error::builder)?,
Cert::Pem(buf) => {
let mut reader = Cursor::new(buf);
let certs = Self::read_pem_certs(&mut reader)?;
for c in certs {
root_cert_store
.add(&rustls::Certificate(c))
.map_err(crate::error::builder)?;
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
fn read_pem_certs(reader: &mut impl BufRead) -> crate::Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
rustls_pemfile::certs(reader)
.map_err(|_| crate::error::builder("invalid certificate encoding"))
}
}
impl Identity {
/// Parses a DER-formatted PKCS #12 archive, using the specified password to decrypt the key.
///
/// The archive should contain a leaf certificate and its private key, as well any intermediate
/// certificates that allow clients to build a chain to a trusted root.
/// The chain certificates should be in order from the leaf certificate towards the root.
///
/// PKCS #12 archives typically have the file extension `.p12` or `.pfx`, and can be created
/// with the OpenSSL `pkcs12` tool:
///
/// ```bash
/// openssl pkcs12 -export -out identity.pfx -inkey key.pem -in cert.pem -certfile chain_certs.pem
/// ```
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # use std::fs::File;
/// # use std::io::Read;
/// # fn pkcs12() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
/// let mut buf = Vec::new();
/// File::open("my-ident.pfx")?
/// .read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
/// let pkcs12 = reqwest::Identity::from_pkcs12_der(&buf, "my-privkey-password")?;
/// # drop(pkcs12);
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// # Optional
///
/// This requires the `native-tls` Cargo feature enabled.
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls")]
pub fn from_pkcs12_der(der: &[u8], password: &str) -> crate::Result<Identity> {
Ok(Identity {
inner: ClientCert::Pkcs12(
native_tls_crate::Identity::from_pkcs12(der, password)
.map_err(crate::error::builder)?,
),
})
}
/// Parses a chain of PEM encoded X509 certificates, with the leaf certificate first.
/// `key` is a PEM encoded PKCS #8 formatted private key for the leaf certificate.
///
/// The certificate chain should contain any intermediate cerficates that should be sent to
/// clients to allow them to build a chain to a trusted root.
///
/// A certificate chain here means a series of PEM encoded certificates concatenated together.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # use std::fs;
/// # fn pkcs8() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
/// let cert = fs::read("client.pem")?;
/// let key = fs::read("key.pem")?;
/// let pkcs8 = reqwest::Identity::from_pkcs8_pem(&cert, &key)?;
/// # drop(pkcs8);
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// # Optional
///
/// This requires the `native-tls` Cargo feature enabled.
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls")]
pub fn from_pkcs8_pem(pem: &[u8], key: &[u8]) -> crate::Result<Identity> {
Ok(Identity {
inner: ClientCert::Pkcs8(
native_tls_crate::Identity::from_pkcs8(pem, key).map_err(crate::error::builder)?,
),
})
}
/// Parses PEM encoded private key and certificate.
///
/// The input should contain a PEM encoded private key
/// and at least one PEM encoded certificate.
///
/// Note: The private key must be in RSA, SEC1 Elliptic Curve or PKCS#8 format.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// # use std::fs::File;
/// # use std::io::Read;
/// # fn pem() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
/// let mut buf = Vec::new();
/// File::open("my-ident.pem")?
/// .read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
/// let id = reqwest::Identity::from_pem(&buf)?;
/// # drop(id);
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// # Optional
///
/// This requires the `rustls-tls(-...)` Cargo feature enabled.
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
pub fn from_pem(buf: &[u8]) -> crate::Result<Identity> {
use std::io::Cursor;
let (key, certs) = {
let mut pem = Cursor::new(buf);
let mut sk = Vec::<rustls::PrivateKey>::new();
let mut certs = Vec::<rustls::Certificate>::new();
for item in std::iter::from_fn(|| rustls_pemfile::read_one(&mut pem).transpose()) {
match item.map_err(|_| {
crate::error::builder(TLSError::General(String::from(
"Invalid identity PEM file",
)))
})? {
rustls_pemfile::Item::X509Certificate(cert) => {
certs.push(rustls::Certificate(cert))
}
rustls_pemfile::Item::PKCS8Key(key) => sk.push(rustls::PrivateKey(key)),
rustls_pemfile::Item::RSAKey(key) => sk.push(rustls::PrivateKey(key)),
rustls_pemfile::Item::ECKey(key) => sk.push(rustls::PrivateKey(key)),
_ => {
return Err(crate::error::builder(TLSError::General(String::from(
"No valid certificate was found",
))))
}
}
}
if let (Some(sk), false) = (sk.pop(), certs.is_empty()) {
(sk, certs)
} else {
return Err(crate::error::builder(TLSError::General(String::from(
"private key or certificate not found",
))));
}
};
Ok(Identity {
inner: ClientCert::Pem { key, certs },
})
}
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls")]
pub(crate) fn add_to_native_tls(
self,
tls: &mut native_tls_crate::TlsConnectorBuilder,
) -> crate::Result<()> {
match self.inner {
ClientCert::Pkcs12(id) | ClientCert::Pkcs8(id) => {
tls.identity(id);
Ok(())
}
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
ClientCert::Pem { .. } => Err(crate::error::builder("incompatible TLS identity type")),
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
pub(crate) fn add_to_rustls(
self,
config_builder: rustls::ConfigBuilder<
rustls::ClientConfig,
rustls::client::WantsTransparencyPolicyOrClientCert,
>,
) -> crate::Result<rustls::ClientConfig> {
match self.inner {
ClientCert::Pem { key, certs } => config_builder
.with_client_auth_cert(certs, key)
.map_err(crate::error::builder),
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls")]
ClientCert::Pkcs12(..) | ClientCert::Pkcs8(..) => {
Err(crate::error::builder("incompatible TLS identity type"))
}
}
}
}
impl fmt::Debug for Certificate {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("Certificate").finish()
}
}
impl fmt::Debug for Identity {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("Identity").finish()
}
}
/// A TLS protocol version.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
pub struct Version(InnerVersion);
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
#[non_exhaustive]
enum InnerVersion {
Tls1_0,
Tls1_1,
Tls1_2,
Tls1_3,
}
// These could perhaps be From/TryFrom implementations, but those would be
// part of the public API so let's be careful
impl Version {
/// Version 1.0 of the TLS protocol.
pub const TLS_1_0: Version = Version(InnerVersion::Tls1_0);
/// Version 1.1 of the TLS protocol.
pub const TLS_1_1: Version = Version(InnerVersion::Tls1_1);
/// Version 1.2 of the TLS protocol.
pub const TLS_1_2: Version = Version(InnerVersion::Tls1_2);
/// Version 1.3 of the TLS protocol.
pub const TLS_1_3: Version = Version(InnerVersion::Tls1_3);
#[cfg(feature = "default-tls")]
pub(crate) fn to_native_tls(self) -> Option<native_tls_crate::Protocol> {
match self.0 {
InnerVersion::Tls1_0 => Some(native_tls_crate::Protocol::Tlsv10),
InnerVersion::Tls1_1 => Some(native_tls_crate::Protocol::Tlsv11),
InnerVersion::Tls1_2 => Some(native_tls_crate::Protocol::Tlsv12),
InnerVersion::Tls1_3 => None,
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
pub(crate) fn from_rustls(version: rustls::ProtocolVersion) -> Option<Self> {
match version {
rustls::ProtocolVersion::SSLv2 => None,
rustls::ProtocolVersion::SSLv3 => None,
rustls::ProtocolVersion::TLSv1_0 => Some(Self(InnerVersion::Tls1_0)),
rustls::ProtocolVersion::TLSv1_1 => Some(Self(InnerVersion::Tls1_1)),
rustls::ProtocolVersion::TLSv1_2 => Some(Self(InnerVersion::Tls1_2)),
rustls::ProtocolVersion::TLSv1_3 => Some(Self(InnerVersion::Tls1_3)),
_ => None,
}
}
}
pub(crate) enum TlsBackend {
// This is the default and HTTP/3 feature does not use it so suppress it.
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[cfg(feature = "default-tls")]
Default,
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls")]
BuiltNativeTls(native_tls_crate::TlsConnector),
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
Rustls,
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
BuiltRustls(rustls::ClientConfig),
#[cfg(any(feature = "native-tls", feature = "__rustls",))]
UnknownPreconfigured,
}
impl fmt::Debug for TlsBackend {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
match self {
#[cfg(feature = "default-tls")]
TlsBackend::Default => write!(f, "Default"),
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls")]
TlsBackend::BuiltNativeTls(_) => write!(f, "BuiltNativeTls"),
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
TlsBackend::Rustls => write!(f, "Rustls"),
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
TlsBackend::BuiltRustls(_) => write!(f, "BuiltRustls"),
#[cfg(any(feature = "native-tls", feature = "__rustls",))]
TlsBackend::UnknownPreconfigured => write!(f, "UnknownPreconfigured"),
}
}
}
impl Default for TlsBackend {
fn default() -> TlsBackend {
#[cfg(all(feature = "default-tls", not(feature = "http3")))]
{
TlsBackend::Default
}
#[cfg(any(
all(feature = "__rustls", not(feature = "default-tls")),
feature = "http3"
))]
{
TlsBackend::Rustls
}
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
pub(crate) struct NoVerifier;
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
impl ServerCertVerifier for NoVerifier {
fn verify_server_cert(
&self,
_end_entity: &rustls::Certificate,
_intermediates: &[rustls::Certificate],
_server_name: &ServerName,
_scts: &mut dyn Iterator<Item = &[u8]>,
_ocsp_response: &[u8],
_now: std::time::SystemTime,
) -> Result<ServerCertVerified, TLSError> {
Ok(ServerCertVerified::assertion())
}
fn verify_tls12_signature(
&self,
_message: &[u8],
_cert: &rustls::Certificate,
_dss: &DigitallySignedStruct,
) -> Result<HandshakeSignatureValid, TLSError> {
Ok(HandshakeSignatureValid::assertion())
}
fn verify_tls13_signature(
&self,
_message: &[u8],
_cert: &rustls::Certificate,
_dss: &DigitallySignedStruct,
) -> Result<HandshakeSignatureValid, TLSError> {
Ok(HandshakeSignatureValid::assertion())
}
}
/// Hyper extension carrying extra TLS layer information.
/// Made available to clients on responses when `tls_info` is set.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct TlsInfo {
pub(crate) peer_certificate: Option<Vec<u8>>,
}
impl TlsInfo {
/// Get the DER encoded leaf certificate of the peer.
pub fn peer_certificate(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
self.peer_certificate.as_ref().map(|der| &der[..])
}
}
impl std::fmt::Debug for TlsInfo {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("TlsInfo").finish()
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[cfg(feature = "default-tls")]
#[test]
fn certificate_from_der_invalid() {
Certificate::from_der(b"not der").unwrap_err();
}
#[cfg(feature = "default-tls")]
#[test]
fn certificate_from_pem_invalid() {
Certificate::from_pem(b"not pem").unwrap_err();
}
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls")]
#[test]
fn identity_from_pkcs12_der_invalid() {
Identity::from_pkcs12_der(b"not der", "nope").unwrap_err();
}
#[cfg(feature = "native-tls")]
#[test]
fn identity_from_pkcs8_pem_invalid() {
Identity::from_pkcs8_pem(b"not pem", b"not key").unwrap_err();
}
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
#[test]
fn identity_from_pem_invalid() {
Identity::from_pem(b"not pem").unwrap_err();
}
#[cfg(feature = "__rustls")]
#[test]
fn identity_from_pem_pkcs1_key() {
let pem = b"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n\
-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n\
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\n\
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\n";
Identity::from_pem(pem).unwrap();
}
#[test]
fn certificates_from_pem_bundle() {
const PEM_BUNDLE: &[u8] = b"
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
";
assert!(Certificate::from_pem_bundle(PEM_BUNDLE).is_ok())
}
}